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In MLA, in-text citations are inserted in the body of your research paper to briefly document the source of your information. Brief in-text citations point the reader to the full citation on the works cited list at the end of the paper. Create in-text citations for the following:
Repeated Use of SourcesIf you're using information from a single source more than once in succession (i.e., no other sources referred to in between), you can use a simplified in-text citation. Example: Cell biology is an area of science that focuses on the structure and function of cells (Smith 15). It revolves around the idea that the cell is a "fundamental unit of life" (17). Many important scientists have contributed to the evolution of cell biology. Mattias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, for example, were scientists who formulated cell theory in 1838 (20). Note: If using this simplified in-text citation creates ambiguity regarding the source being referred to, use the full in-text citation format. Long QuotationsWhat Is a Long Quotation? If your quotation extends to more than four lines as you're typing your essay, it is a long quotation. Rules for Long Quotations There are 4 rules that apply to long quotations that are different from regular quotations:
Example of a Long Quotation At the end of Lord of the Flies the boys are struck with the realization of their behaviour: The tears began to flow and sobs shook him. He gave himself up to them now for the first time on the island; great, shuddering spasms of grief that seemed to wrench his whole body. His voice rose under the black smoke before the burning wreckage of the island; and infected by that emotion, the other little boys began to shake and sob too. (Golding 186) QuotingDirect Quote - Add an in-text citation at the end of the quote with the author name and page number: Mother-infant attachment has been a leading topic of developmental research since John Bowlby found that "children raised in institutions were deficient in emotional and personality development" (Hunt 358). Authors Name in the Sentence & with a Direct Quote - If you refer to the author's name in a sentence you do not have to include the name in the in-text citation, instead include the page number (if there is one) at the end of the quotation or paraphrased section. For example: Hunt explains that mother-infant attachment has been a leading topic of developmental research since John Bowlby found that "children raised in institutions were deficient in emotional and personality development" (358). No Page Numbers & with a Direct Quote - When you quote from electronic sources that do not provide page numbers (like Web pages), cite the author name only. "Three phases of the separation response: protest, despair, and detachment" (Garelli). Note: The period goes outside the brackets, at the end of your in-text citation.
In-Text Citation For One, Two, or More Authors/EditorsAuthor Known:
Note: The period goes outside the brackets, at the end of your in-text citation. In-Text Citation For More Than One SourceIf you would like to cite more than one source within the same in-text citation, simply record the in-text citations as normal and separate them with a semi-colon. Examples: (Smith 42; Bennett 71). (It Takes Two; Brock 43). Note: The sources within the in-text citation do not need to be in alphabetical order for MLA style. Order of AuthorsWhen creating an in-text citation or full citation, the authors should be listed in the original order displayed on the item (book, article, ...).
ParaphrasingWhen you write information or ideas from a source in your own words, cite the source by adding an in-text citation at the end of the paraphrased portion. Paraphrasing from One Page Include a full in-text citation with the author name and page number (if there is one). For example: Mother-infant attachment became a leading topic of developmental research following the publication of John Bowlby's studies (Hunt 65). or Hunt discussed mother-infant attachment becoming a leading topic of developmental research following the publication of John Bowlby's studies (65). Paraphrasing from Multiple Pages If the paraphrased information/idea is from several pages, include them. For example: Mother-infant attachment became a leading topic of developmental research following the publication of John Bowlby's studies (Hunt 50, 55, 65-71). Note: The period goes outside the brackets, at the end of your in-text citation. Unknown AuthorAuthor Unknown:
Examples: (Cell Biology 12) ("Nursing" 12) Citing a Source that you Found in Another Source (Secondary Source)Sometimes an author of a book, article or website will mention another person’s work by using a quotation or paraphrased idea from that source. (This may be called a secondary source.) For example, the Kirkey article you are reading includes a quotation by Smith that you would like to include in your essay.
Examples of in-text citations: According to a study by Smith (qtd. in Kirkey) 42% of doctors would refuse to perform legal euthanasia. Smith (qtd. in Kirkey) states that “even if euthanasia was legal, 42% of doctors would be against this method of assisted dying” (A.10). Example of Works Cited list citation: Kirkey, Susan. "Euthanasia." The Montreal Gazette, 9 Feb. 2013, p. A.10. Canadian Newsstand Major Dailies. How do you cite a paraphrase in MLA example?MLA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the page number from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken, for example: (Smith 163). If the source does not use page numbers, do not include a number in the parenthetical citation: (Smith).
How do you paraphrase information from a website?How To Paraphrase From a Website.. Make Sure You Understand the Source Material.. Break Up Long Sentences of Passages.. Find Definitions and Synonyms.. Write Out Your Paraphrased Sentences.. Proofread Your Work.. How To Reference Correctly When You're Paraphrasing From a Website.. Modern Language Association (MLA). How do you paraphrase a website with no author MLA?If no author is listed, use a shortened title of the work. Put the title in quotation marks if it's a short work (such as an article) or italicize it if it's a longer work (such as books or entire websites), and include page numbers (if there are any).
Do you have to cite a website if you paraphrase?Paraphrasing ALWAYS requires a citation. Even if you are using your own words, the idea still belongs to someone else.
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